Green Human Resource Management and Employee Green Behavior in Indonesian State-Owned Construction Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Green Organizational Culture and the Moderating Role of Environmental Knowledge
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24256/kharaj.v8i3.12460Keywords:
Green human resource management, employee green behavior, green organizational culture, environmental knowledge, state-owned construction enterprisesAbstract
Purpose: This study examines whether Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) promotes Employee Green Behavior (EGB) among employees of Indonesian state-owned construction enterprises, while testing Green Organizational Culture (GOC) as a mediating mechanism and Environmental Knowledge (EK) as a moderating condition. Methods: An explanatory, cross-sectional online survey was administered to permanent employees working at head offices and project sites in six state-owned construction enterprises. Purposive sampling produced 238 valid responses. The model was evaluated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), including reflective measurement assessment, structural model evaluation, mediation, moderation, and out-of-sample predictive assessment. Results: GHRM positively affected EGB (β = .390, p < .001) and GOC (β = .741, p < .001), while GOC positively affected EGB (β = .386, p < .001). GOC partially mediated the relationship between GHRM and EGB (indirect β = .286, p < .001; VAF = 42.31%). EK strengthened the GHRM-EGB relationship (interaction β = .198, p < .001). The model explained 58.0% of the adjusted variance in EGB and showed adequate predictive relevance. Implications: The findings extend the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity framework by positioning GHRM as a source of motivation and formal opportunity, GOC as contextual opportunity, and EK as ability. State-owned construction enterprises should integrate environmental objectives into training, performance appraisal, rewards, and promotion, while institutionalizing environmental values and strengthening context-specific environmental knowledge.
References
Abbas, J., & Dogan, E. (2022). The impacts of organizational green culture and corporate social responsibility on employees' responsible behaviour towards the society. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(43), 60024-60034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20072-w
Aboramadan, M., & Karatepe, O. M. (2021). Green human resource management, perceived green organizational support and their effects on hotel employees' behavioral outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3199-3222. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2020-1440
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Kiani, U. S. (2016). Linking spiritual leadership and employee pro-environmental behavior: The influence of workplace spirituality, intrinsic motivation, and environmental passion. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.12.005
Aggarwal, P., & Agarwala, T. (2022). Relationship of green human resource management with environmental performance: Mediating effect of green organizational culture. Benchmarking: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-08-2021-0474
Ahmad, S. (2015). Green human resource management: Policies and practices. Cogent Business & Management, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2015.1030817
Ahmad, S., Islam, T., Sadiq, M., & Kaleem, A. (2021). Promoting green behavior through ethical leadership: A model of green human resource management and environmental knowledge. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(4), 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-01-2020-0024
Al-Swidi, A. K., Gelaidan, H. M., & Saleh, R. M. (2021). The joint impact of green human resource management, leadership and organizational culture on employees' green behaviour and organisational environmental performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128112
Anwar, N., Nik Mahmood, N. H., Yusliza, M. Y., Ramayah, T., Noor Faezah, J., & Khalid, W. (2020). Green human resource management for organisational citizenship behaviour towards the environment and environmental performance on a university campus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120401
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018-2022). Data rata-rata emisi gas rumah kaca industri di Indonesia tahun 2018-2022 [Data set]. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Bissing-Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2013). Relationships between daily affect and pro-environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro-environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), 156-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1788
Chandra, R. A., & Pendrian, P. (2024). The effect of green human resource management and green innovation on environmental performance with employee green behavior as a mediating variable: A case study of PT. PLN (Persero) Distribution Jakarta Raya. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 9(8), 1279-1287. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG951
Dumont, J., Shen, J., & Deng, X. (2017). Effects of green HRM practices on employee workplace green behavior: The role of psychological green climate and employee green values. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21792
Farrukh, M., Ansari, N., Raza, A., Wu, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Fostering employee's pro-environmental behavior through green transformational leadership, green human resource management and environmental knowledge. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 121643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121643
Fawehinmi, O., Yusliza, M. Y., Wan Kasim, W. Z., Mohamad, Z., & Abdul Halim, M. A. S. (2020). Exploring the interplay of green human resource management, employee green behavior, and personal moral norms. SAGE Open, 10(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020982292
Fitriani, H., Ajayi, S., & Kim, S. (2022). Analysis of the underlying causes of waste generation in Indonesia's construction industry. Sustainability, 15(1), 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010409
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25 (9th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. In Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook (pp. 1-29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hameed, Z., Khan, I. U., Islam, T., Sheikh, Z., & Naeem, R. M. (2020). Do green HRM practices influence employees' environmental performance? International Journal of Manpower, 41(7), 1061-1079. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2019-0407
Hooi, L. W., Liu, M.-S., & Lin, J. J. J. (2022). Green human resource management and green organizational citizenship behavior: Do green culture and green values matter? International Journal of Manpower, 43(3), 763-785. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2020-0247
Iftikar, T., Hussain, S., Malik, M. I., Hyder, S., Kaleem, M., & Saqib, A. (2022). Green human resource management and pro-environmental behaviour nexus with the lens of AMO theory. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2124603
Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., & Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 1-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2014.872335
Karmoker, K., Kona, F. A., Oyshi, A. H., & Yasmin, K. S. (2021). Effects of green human resource management on employee green behavior: Moderating role of employee environmental knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 10(2), 64-80.
Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara Republik Indonesia. (2023). Peraturan Menteri BUMN Nomor PER-1/MBU/03/2023 tentang Penugasan Khusus dan Program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Kementerian BUMN RI.
Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2024). Konsumsi listrik masyarakat meningkat tahun 2023 capai 1.285 kWh/kapita. Kementerian ESDM RI.
Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. (2021). Peraturan Menteri PUPR Nomor 9 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Konstruksi Berkelanjutan. Kementerian PUPR RI.
Kementerian PUPR. (2023). Seluruh pelaku industri konstruksi harus bersinergi dalam menjawab tantangan jasa konstruksi. Kementerian PUPR RI.
Kim, Y. J., Kim, W. G., Choi, H.-M., & Phetvaroon, K. (2019). The effect of green human resource management on hotel employees' eco-friendly behavior and environmental performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.007
LCDI. (2024). Kajian data timbulan dan komposisi sampah di 6 kota/kabupaten. Low Carbon Development Indonesia.
Liu, X., & Lin, K.-L. (2020). Green organizational culture, corporate social responsibility implementation, and food safety. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 585435. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585435
Mirahsani, N., Azizan, O., Shahriari, M., Rexhepi, G., & Najmi, A. (2024). Green culture toward employee green behavior: The mediation roles of perceived support and green identity. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(11), 16149-16172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03291-0
Muisyo, P. K., Qin, S., Ho, T. H., Julius, M. M., & Andriamandresy, T. B. (2022). Implications of GHRM on organisational citizenship behaviour: The mediating role of enablers of green culture. International Journal of Manpower, 43(3), 719-741. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2020-0245
Ogiemwonyi, O., Alam, M. N., & Alotaibi, H. S. (2023). Pathways toward environmental performance: Link between green human resource management, green innovation, and green behavior at work in manufacturing companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 138949.
Pusat Data dan Teknologi Informasi Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. (2019). Inventarisasi emisi gas rumah kaca sektor energi tahun 2019. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
Raza, S. A., & Khan, K. A. (2022). Impact of green human resource practices on hotel environmental performance: The moderating effect of environmental knowledge and individual green values. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(6), 2154-2175. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2021-0553
Renwick, D. W. S., Redman, T., & Maguire, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 1-14.
Rizvi, Y. S., & Garg, R. (2021). The simultaneous effect of green Ability-Motivation-Opportunity and transformational leadership in environment management: The mediating role of green culture. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(3), 830-856. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-08-2020-0400
Roscoe, S., Subramanian, N., Jabbour, C. J. C., & Chong, T. (2019). Green human resource management and the enablers of green organizational culture: Enhancing a firm's environmental performance for sustainable development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(5), 737-749. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2277
Sabokro, M., Masud, M. M., & Kayedian, A. (2021). The effect of green human resources management on corporate social responsibility, green psychological climate and employees' green behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 313, 127963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127963
Saeed, B. B., Afsar, B., Hafeez, S., Khan, I., Tahir, M., & Afridi, M. A. (2019). Promoting employees' pro-environmental behavior through green human resource management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(2), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1694
Safari, A., Salehzadeh, R., Panahi, R., & Abolghasemian, S. (2018). Multiple pathways linking environmental knowledge and awareness to employees' green behavior. Corporate Governance, 18(1), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-08-2016-0168
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Shah, S. M. A., Jiang, Y., Wu, H., Ahmed, Z., Ullah, I., & Adebayo, T. S. (2021). Linking green human resource practices and environmental economics performance: The role of green economic organizational culture and green psychological climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10953.
Suciati, H., Adi, T. J. W., & Wiguna, I. P. A. (2018). A dynamic model for assessing the effects of construction worker waste behavior to reduce material waste. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 8(2), 444-452.
Yeşiltaş, M., Gürlek, M., & Kenar, G. (2022). Organizational green culture and green employee behavior: Differences between green and non-green hotels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 343, 131051.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Tri Islamianto, Ilham Rosyidi Widodo, Denny Adithyas Sukmana, Nur Damayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. In line with the license, authors are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
