Place-Naming (Toponymy) of Kecamatan in Bandung: A Morphological Study

This study aims to analyze the morphological processes occupied in place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung and attempts to classify the place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung based on toponymy rules by Nash (2015). Descriptive qualitative research design was employed in this study. The investigation of thirty names of Kecamatan in Bandung shows that there are only three types of morphological process in naming Kecamatan in Bandung. They are compounding, borrowing and blending. In term of toponymy rules, the patterns are various in each morphological process: (1) A Single (Proper) Noun; (2) Two Nouns: (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun; and (3) (Proper) Noun + Adjective.


Introduction
Place-naming is closely related to discuss toponymy, a sub-field of onomastics. Toponymy is a study about the origin of place name (Kusuma et al., 2008;Gunadi et al., 2015). In Meriam-Webster Dictionary, toponymy is the place-name of a region or language or especially the etymological study of them. Study of place name can be analyzed from linguistic domain, semantically or grammatically (Nash, 2015). He asserts that toponymy comprises a distinct conceptual and semantic domain, separate from lexical and grammatical domain of language. Shoval (2013) remarks that name of places commemorate historical events, narratives, or people and also reflect geographical space. The names can be in form of simplex word or complex word or series of word as identity of the place that distinguish from others (Alderman, 2016). Not only on the name itself, in the process of giving name, there is always meaning behind it, place-naming (Kusuma, et al., 2008) since language is a cultural symbol which is adherent to the ethnics (Usman & Nurkholik, 2018).
Different ethnic, cultural group living in a city may give different place names that are important for them portrayed as accepted history and heritage by them (Shoval, 2013). In Bandung, place-naming is closely related to the origin of Bandung. The name of Bandung is originated from the word bandung which means 'contiguous'. It refers to the contiguous lands, the bank of Citarum river and the shore of The Old Great Lake of Bandung or Situ Hyang (Kulsum, et al., 2008). Sundanese people who lived there believed that Bandung is fertile region and closely connected to the plenty of water springs. It was reflected on the name of places in Bandung.
The research on investigating the names of Sundanese area have been concerned by some researchers such as , Kulsum et al. (2008), Gunadi et al. (2015 and Sujatna et al. (2016). Some of them used anthropolinguistics approach, some others concerned on linguistics features such as morphology and semantics. Study conducted by  and Kulsum et al. (2008) were concerned on place-naming in Sundanese area (Parahyangan), including Bandung area, using anthropolinguistics approach. , however, is very limited on common geographical names in Bandung and its histories with very simple linguistic analysis. Fortunately, Kulsum et al. (2008) dig deeper analysis on place-naming in which more places in Bandung were revealed with interconnected to culture and social culture of the places.
Different from  and Kulsum et al. (2008), Sujatna et al. (2016) carried out a study of place-naming on the morphological processes. They discuss morphological processes of Jawa Barat tourism destinanion naming. The result showed that there were only five morphological processes from ten morphological processes on tourism destination place-naming in Jawa Barat. They are acronym, blending, coinage, compounding and borrowing. Another study conducted by them on toponymy analysis. They further investigated the tourism place-naming and classified them on Nash (2015) classification of rules for English language toponymy. It was found that there were three types of place-naming. They are single (proper) noun, two nouns with (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun order, and (Proper) Noun + Adjective. In term of morphological processes, they are compounding, borrowing and blending.
Derived from preceding elaboration of former research on place-naming, especially place naming in Bandung, this study focuses on analyzing morphological process in naming Kecamatan in Bandung and their place-naming (toponymy) classification based on Nash's rules of toponymy.

Method
In accordance with the purpose of the research related to analyzing the morphological processes occupied in place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung and classify them based on typonomy classification of Nash (2015), the research employed descriptive qualitative research design since it places stress and describes in detail of certain phenomenon through textual analysis and interpretation rather than comparing the effects of a particular treatment (Burns, 1995;Creswell, 1994;Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun, 2012).
The data was names of Kecamatan in Bandung taken from Bandung government official website, Pejabat Pengelola Informasi dan Dokumentasi Kota Bandung.

Results
Data collected are the names of kecamatan in Bandung. There are 30 kecamatan names. All the data were analyzed in terms of their morphological composition based on Nash's toponymy rules and the morphological process involved in the names. The findings are presented in the table below:  Table 1 shows that there are only three types of morphological process and three classification of toponymy based on Nash's rules in naming Kecamatan in Bandung. The morphological process are compounding, borrowing and one only blending while Nash's toponymy are A Single (proper) Noun, Two Nouns: (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun, and (Proper) Noun + Adjective Discussion

Morphological Process of Place-Naming
Data collected are the names of kecamatan in Bandung. There are 30 kecamatan names. All the data were analyzed in terms of their morphological composition based on Nash's toponymy rules and the morphological process involved in the names. There are only three types of morphological process in naming Kecamatan in Bandung. They are compounding, borrowing and one only blending.
Compounds are words that are composed of two (or more) bases, roots, or stems (McCarthy, 2002;Liber, 2009). A compound word can be formed by two or more words. The compounding words used as place name of Kecamatan in Bandung are various in forms of pattern, such as Noun+Nound compound, Noun+Adjective compound, and Noun+Verb compound. There were also found names in juxtaposed position such as Gedebage, which in the compounding formation, the noun is preceded by adjective. The borrowing names are taken from Sundanese language.
The most dominant morphological process in place-naming of kecamatan in Bandung is compounding. From the 30 names of Kecamatan in Bandung, there are 23 names which involve compounding in the place-naming. Borrowing process is found in five names. Meanwhile the rarest morphological process is blending, which is found in one name of Kecamatan.

Place-Naming (Toponymy) Classification
In this subsection, the findings will be further discussed based on the classification of Nash's toponymy rules and the morphological processes of the names.

A Single (proper) Noun
The first classification of kecamatan names in Bandung based on Nash's toponymy rules is single (generic) noun. There are 19 names categorized as single (generic) noun. The analysis of the 19 names of Kecamatan in Bandung si presented below:  Table-2 shows that there are five names which undergo borrowing morphological process in the naming. Borrowing according to Hoffer (2002) is the process of importing linguistic items from one linguistic system into another, a process that occurs any time two cultures are in contact over a period of time. In other words, borrowing or sometimes called loan word is a process of borrowing from one language to others. In this finding, the five borrowing names of Kecamatan are loan words from Sundanese language. They are Andir, Coblong, Lengkong, Panyileukan, and Regol. In Sundanese, andir, coblong, and lengkong are closely related to water. Andir means water spring while Coblong is 'a place to store water'. According to Kulsum, et al. (2008) lengkong's meaning refers to a 'lake or place with plenty of water'. Differ from the three names, panyileukan has meaning as 'something waited or hoped'.  explains the meaning of regol as part of Bandung new village construction in the past which regol means entrance of the new village.
In this classification, it is also found a blending process as in Gedebage. Blending is a process of word formation in which parts of lexemes that are not themselves morphemes are combined to form a new lexeme (Lieber, 2009). As shown in Table-1, Gedebage is formed from two free morphemes of Sundanese, which are gede and bagea. In Gedebage, the words gede and bagea are blended with partial blend. It is where only one component is truncated (McCarthy, 2002) that is the sound a in word bagea undergoes reduction.
The example of (generic)Noun + (generic) Noun compounds is Arcamanik. Arcamanik is a compound words from generic noun arca which means 'statue' and generic noun manik which means 'pearls'. Cidadap which is (generic)Noun + (proper)Noun compound, is a combination of generic noun ci which in English is 'water' and proper noun Dadap. Dadap is a name of a tree (Fabaceae). Kiaracondong is different from the two compound forms. It is a combination of generic noun Kiara which is ' fig tree' (Ficus carica) and an adjective of condong which means 'sloping'. In last compound form of single (proper) noun is (generic)Noun + Verb compound found in Ujungberung. Ujungberung is formed from word ujung which means 'end' and word berung from ngaberung which is 'getting angry'.

Two Nouns: (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun
The classification applied in this study slightly different from Nash's rules. The difference is the adaptation attempt to the data found. Nash (2015) classifies two nouns with different order from the order used in this study as in Sujatna (2016). In Nash's classification puts generic noun after proper noun. In this study, however, in the findings, generic noun appears before proper noun as shown in the Table 3 below: The name of kecamatan in Bandung classified in this place-naming are Babakan Ciparay and Sumur Bandung. Babakan and sumur are generic nouns. Meanwhile both Ciparay and Bandung are proper nouns. Babakan's meaning in English is 'new village' and sumur is 'well'. Morphological process in both names is compounding. Sumur Bandung is combination of sumur and Bandung which is the name of city. Interestingly, in Babakan Ciparay, there is compound word within the compound. Babakan Ciparay is combination of Babakan and Ciparay. Ciparay is actually a compound word. McCarthy (2002) explains compounding within a compound word is common to happen. Accordance with McCharty, the compound word within compound names is occupied in some place-naming of Sundanese regions. The example is found in this Babakan Ciparay.

(Proper) Noun + Adjective
In addition, the data obtained are also categorized into a combination of two different word classes as in Nash's classification. This last classification is a combination of proper noun and adjective. There are seven names of Kecamatan in Bandung found using this form. They are Bandung Kidul, Bandung Kulon, Bandung Wetan, Bojongloa Kaler, Bojongloa Kidul, CIbeunying Kaler and Cibeunying Kidul. Mophological proceses undergo are presented in the table below:

Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that there are three types of place-naming of Kecamatan in Bandung and three morphological processes involved. Adapted from Nash's classifications of place -naming, names of Kecamatan in Bandung are categorized into single (proper) noun, two nouns with (Generic) Noun + (Proper) Noun order, and (Proper) Noun + Adjective. In term of morphological processes, they are compounding, borrowing and blending.
According to the research findings and conclusion, some suggestions are proposed to future research and studies related to the topic: 1. The investigation of place-naming or toponymy in in term of its linguistic features such as morphology and semantics is also important to conduct. 2. The combination of approaches in studying place-naming is also suggested such as anthropolinguistics to get deeper analysis. 3. Other researchers who are interested to the same topic can develop the wider scope in term of object studied.