The Functions of Conversational Implicature in “Doctor Strange in Multiverse of Madness” 2022

Conversational implicature is how the same sentence can be understood to have two opposite meanings even though both are conveyed explicitly. The occurrence of implicature in conversation is a violation of maxims, so the goal to be achieved in this study is to describe violations and compliances with cooperation principles in the Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie. Cooperative principles are often interpreted as general guidelines that cover conversational interactions. The purpose of this research is to find the functions of conversational implicature in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie based on Grice's theory by using the Cooperative Principle as a guidance. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the data proposed by Sudaryanto 2015 namely the observational method. Researchers collected with are several steps taken by the researcher, first the researcher watched the movie and transcribed the conversation, the second researcher checked the utterances containing the implicature, the third researcher analyzed the highlighted data. Based on the research findings, the most dominant maxim violations that occur in this movie are relation maxim with 10 data, quality maxim violation with 6 data, quantity maxim violation with 2 data, then maxim of manner violation with 2 data.


Introduction
Language is a tool created and used by humans to communicate to achieve a goal in a communication.For example, when a teacher explains a lesson to his students in class.Of course, the teacher must be able to explain in language that is easily understood by students so that the lesson can be accepted by the student.According to Akmal & Yana (2020) in their journal, the ability to speak and understand language helps people communicate effectively, convey ideas and express feelings, as well as maintain social relationships.Without language, humans will not be able to communicate with other humans.
When having a conversation, speakers usually hope that the listener can understand what they are communicating.Often, when trying to understand what a speaker says, we fail to recognize that what the speaker said has a deeper meaning than what was conveyed, and serves its own purpose.Firstly, we must understand the relationship between language and context, as expressed in indirect signs in the language structure to comprehend this situation (Simaremare et al., 2021).This aims to avoid misunderstanding the conversation.For this reason, humans must follow the existing context and situation because the language studies carried out cannot be achieved without considering the context.
According to Yule (2010), In order to communicate effectively, the listener should have prior knowledge of the topic being discussed.Conversations can be understood and run smoothly is the result of a mutual agreement that has been made.That something conveyed by the speaker when speaking must be related to the topic being discussed.If the utterance does not match what is being said, the hearer can draw conclusions from what is in it.So, this is called Conversational Implicature which was put forward by Grice (1975), that conversational implicatures are pragmatic implications that occur as a result of violating the conversational principle and the Cooperative Principle of conversation contained in communication.In this research, the researcher has objectives in which the researcher analyzes the functions of Conversational Implicature used in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie with the Cooperative Principles as a guide.
The expression of Conversational Implicature is found in everyday life, for example in YouTube channel as ABC News, with the title "Hurricane Ian makes landfall in Florida" published in September 29 th , 2022.The expression of Conversational Implicature was found from a speaker on one of the accounts named Aaron Austrie who gave his comments on the ABC News You tube channel.The comment was given because of the occurrence of a natural disaster, namely a very powerful hurricane that occurred in Florida, US as follow.
Speaker: "These pictures don't look good." In this utterance, he said "these pictures don't look good".The point of "don't look good" on this topic is not that the pictures are bad, but what it means in this context is that the pictures on You tube are very concerning.So, it can be concluded that the utterances in the comment have an implied meaning that must be understood by readers who read the You tube comments.
Another Conversational Implicature utterances is also used in the main character in an action movie entitled Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness which was released in 2022.In this movie, Doctor Strange who acts as a speaker orders America Chavez who acts as a hearer to take the Vishanti book, which is a book that contains spells used to fight the power of evil magic, as follow.Doctor Strange (s) : "We can't let it take your power.Get to the book."America Chavez (H) : "How do we get across?" In this conversation, the hearer responds with how they can cross it.If examined, it is not the right answer to answer this question.However, with the Conversational Implicature, the answer is related to the speaker's question.That when the hearer wants to take Vishanti's book there are obstacles that must be faced, So, it can be concluded that she will take the book but how can she get through that dangerous obstacle.This Conversational Implicature function can be categorized as violation Maxim of Relation, where the speaker directs the hearer so that their utterance remains related to the context.
The study published in Cristina & Afriana (2021) used Grice's theory to analyze conversational implicature.In his research, the researcher used the speech acts theory by Searle to identify utterances, while to classify their functions the researcher classifies speech acts into representative or assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarations.The object of this research is the American TV show, namely F.R.I.E.N.D.S.In this study, researcher used the qualitative method.Cristina & Afriana (2021) in the results of their research stated that, several speech acts that were often used in the event were found, which consists of 10 data, namely 2 data into the representative category, 3 data into the directive category, 2 data into the commissive category, 2 data into the expressive category, and 1 data into the declaration category.From all the data, it can be concluded that the data that often appears is the directive category data.
Similar studies with different data sources have also been carried out by Suryadi & Muslim (2019), in his journal entitled Analysis of Conversational Implicatures in Drama "The Bear" by Anton Chekhov and Its Application in Teaching English.The researchers analyze the conversational implicature based on Grice's theory.The method used by the researchers in this study is the descriptive qualitative method.The results of this study show that all conversational implicatures proposed by Grice can be applied to drama, entitled "The Bear".The results were 28 utterances consisting of 9 types of general conversational implication, 5 types of particular conversational implicature, 2 functions of self-protection, 6 functions of power and politeness, 3 functions of providing information, 1 function of entertaining the audience and 2 functions of specific lack of information.
Previous research and current research have something in common.Namely, they both carry Grice's theory as a reference in analyzing data.Researchers categorize all the data they have collected to determine the Conversational Implicature function.However, previous researchers and this study have different data sources.This study wants to analyze the data contained in the movie entitled "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness".

Pragmatics
According to Yule (2010) pragmatics is the study of linguistics relations about the speaker's meaning or the intent of the speaker.Where pragmatics has an important role in carrying out daily conversations.As stated by Slotta (2018) in its journal, pragmatics is a study that became the main focus in the twentieth century in linguistic studies, including implicature, cooperative principles and many more.
The benefit of this pragmatics in life is that it can help someone to understand something such as an assumption, an action or an intention from the speaker who has the aim of preventing misunderstanding in communication and the communication can run smoothly (Yule, 1996).

Conversational Implicature
Implicature theory is used to distinguish between what someone says and what that person means.Grice (1975) also explained that how could the same sentence be understood to have two opposite meanings even though both were conveyed explicitly.This is the basis of Grice's thinking.Additionally, conversational implicature explains how an utterance has greater meaning than what is said (Putri, 2020).Next, Grice makes the following example sentences as follows.
A: "Are you working this afternoon?"B: "I'm going back to the office."(Grice, 1975) From the examples, it can be seen how to distinguish between what someone said and what that person meant.It is well known that context is very important in determining what someone means when someone says something.
To understand more about the implied meaning or the intended meaning in an utterance, a research based on implicature theory is needed.A conversational implicature occurs when a speaker means something different from what he or she says (Nurhidayah et al., 2021) .The concept of implicature was first introduced by Grice (1975) to solve the problem of language meaning which cannot be solved by ordinary semantic theory.Grice also divided implicature into two parts, namely Conventional Implicature and Conversational Implicature.
Conversational implications are implications generated from conversational principles and assumptions and use more than just the grammatical connotations of words in an utterance.Grice's theory of conversational implicature is that speakers always intend to cooperate when speaking.

Cooperative Principle
To communicate well in good cooperation.One way to cooperate is to provide the necessary information.Grice based on his research states that in a conversation, between the speaker and the addressee there is a principle that regulates the conversation contained in communication events called the Cooperative Principle.Cooperative Principles are often interpreted as general guidelines that cover conversational interactions.The Cooperative Principle makes our contribution to the point of a conversation.A cooperative concept is based on conversational maxims that help participants communicate and collaborate in a discussion (Ningsih & Ambalegin, 2022).The discussion of the Cooperative Principle according to Grice relates to four maxims (guidelines), as follows: 1. Maxim of Quantity.
This maxim requires the speaker to provide the information needed by the speaker and not to provide incomplete information.A : Where do you live?B : I live in Batam, precisely in Batu Aji.(Op.Sunggu & Afriana, 2020) From the conversation, it is categorized as the maxim of quantity, where "A" asks "B" how old he is and where he lives and "B" answers clearly and informatively, so that the answer given is not too much and not too little.

Maxim of Quality
To arrange so that the information submitted can be justified (Don't say something wrong or say something that we ourselves lack evidence for).

Example:
A : "What are you doing now?" B : "I am eating."(Andy & Ambalegin, 2019) The conversation above is the maxim of quality.Where "A" asks "B" what he is doing.And "B" answered he was eating.Then it can be concluded that "B" answers with the facts that exist and are believed to be true.

Maxim of Relation
This maxim directs speakers to organize their utterances in such a way that their utterances remain related to the context.

Rara
: "Hei, do you like K-pop music?" Astra : "Of course I do" Rara : "Who is your favorite group?"Astra : "Blackpink, how about you?"

Rara
: "Ahh I like blackpink too, but I like BTS more" (Sari & Afriana, 2020) From the example above, there is a conversation that occurs between Rara and Astra which is closely related to the context they are talking about.From the conversation, it can be categorized as a maxim of relation because it does not deviate from the topic being discussed.

Maxim of Manner
Closely related to several obstacles in the use of language, such as being straightforward and not excessive.In this maxim, ambiguity should be avoided.

Example:
Yanika Efizahane, Afriana Afriana The Functions of Conversational Implicature in "Doctor Strange in Multiverse of Madness" 2022 1432 A : "Where is the house key?" B : "It is on the table in my bedroom."(Taufiqi et al., 2021) The conversation above is a maxim of manner, where "A" asks "B" where is the house key, then "B" answers in a specific, clear, unambiguous and easy to understand manner.
By knowing the basics (maxims), the speaker must be able to describe the inference of the implied meaning (entailment) of an utterance (Grice, 1975).This concept of indirect delivery of intent is known as implicature.Johnson et al. (1988) stated that implicatures are used so that the statements made are more polite.If delivered directly, the speech feels less polite.Therefore, speaking implicitly with the second person is more likely to use implicit speech.

Method
This present research is descriptive qualitative research.Qualitative Research is conducted to implement and plan the provide an easy-to-follow narrative that is accessible and easy to understand for beginners as well as experts (Sharan B. Merriam, 2016).In this research, researchers used qualitative research.According to Sugiyono (2014),, qualitative research is the research conducted by observing words and not numbers.Researchers make interpretations of what they see, hear, and understand is the meaning of qualitative research.Their interpretation is closely related to their own background, history, culture and knowledge (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).This study aims to find the utterances that contain the implicature function in "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" movie 2022 and to determine the implied meaning function in the movie by using a cooperative principle which consists of several maxims, namely, maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner as a guide.
The object in this research is a film that will be released in 2021 entitled Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.Researchers collected data based on the method from Sudaryanto (2015), namely the observational method.Where there are several steps taken by the researcher, first the researcher watched the movie and transcribed the conversation, the second the researcher checked the utterances containing the implicature, the third researcher analyzed the highlighted data or the data that had been found based on Grice's theory.For presenting the research findings, the researcher uses the informal presentation method.The analysis results are explained, classified, and presented using words, phrases, and sentences.Stephen and America are fighting a monster, Stephen really is not strong enough to withstand the power of the monster who wants to kill him.Then Stephen tells America that he won't allow the monster to take his powers, because America can't control his powers, and Stephen says that he can.

Result
Stephen : "I'm so sorry.This is the only way."America : "What're you doing?" Stephen : "I can't let that thing take your power.You can't control it, but I can." (00:02:38-00:02:52) From the data above, the implied meaning of Stephen's utterance explains the intentions and actions that will be taken to take America's power.So, Stephen explained with cause and effect, hoped America would understand his condition.It can be concluded that Stephen violated the maxim of manner, where when America asked, what Stephen was doing to him, Stephen answered in a convoluted manner.
Stephen should just say that "I'm taking your power".

Data 2
After Stephen and Wong managed to save America from a monster attack, Wong asked Stephen who America was, but Stephen also didn't know the identity of America.

Wong
: "Who's this?" Stephen : "Yeah, I was gonna ask the same question."(00:13:34-00:13:37) The implied function expressed by Stephen means that he does not know who the girl is.Stephen's answer can be categorized as a violation of maxim relation.Where, when Wong asked who the girl Stephen was with, Stephen replied that he wanted to ask Wong the same question.In this conversation, if there is no violation of the maxim, Stephen simply says "I don't know".

Data 3
Stephen and Wong invite America to eat at a cafe.America was eating too fast, and Stephen advised her.
Stephen(s) : "You're gonna get a stomach ache."America(h) : "I'm from another universe.How do you know my stomach works the same as yours?" Stephen : "I don't, I don't even know if you're from another universe."(00:14:43-00:14:52) From the conversation, America's answer is not related to the question asked by Stephen.Where the answer has an implied function, that is Stephen has no right to prohibit America from eating.America's answer is a violation of the maxim of relations.Where when Stephen advises America not to eat too fast, then America says he comes from the multiverse which means America's world is different from Stephen's, and how Stephen knows that the way they eat will be the same.If it's not a violation of America's maxim, it's enough to say "I won't get a stomach ache because we are from different worlds".

Data 4
When Wong and Stephen try to explore America's power, America replies that she has the power to explore the Multiverse, but cannot control her powers.

America
: "I can travel the Multiverse." Stephen : "What?"Wong : "You can physically move from one universe to another?" Stephen : "How?" America : "That's the problem.I don't know how." (00:15:29-00:15:43) From the conversation, when Stephen asked America how America explored the multiverse, America replied, "that's the problem" has an implied function which shows that America does not know how to explore the multiverse.The utterance has violated the maxim of quantity.Where America conveys information excessively.America should reply "I don't know".

Data 5
America has a very strong power that is being able to explore the Multiverse, so many are targeting and wanting that power.Wong and Stephen offered America protection, but America still couldn't believe them.
Wong : "Miss Chavez, will you come with us to Kamar-Taj?You'll be safe.there.

America
: "How do I know you won't betray me like he did?" Stephen : "I guess you're just gonna have to trust me."(00:17:34-00:17:45) When America asked Stephen how America knew that Wong and Stephen would not betray him, Stephen replied with the implied meaning that America had no choice but to trust Stephen.But the answer violates the maxim of relation, Stephen should just say "just trust me".

Data 6
To protect America from people who want to take away her power.Stephen visits Wanda at an apple orchard.When Wanda cut off part of the apple branch, Stephen took the branch.

Implied from
Stephen's answer is to give an answer that can flatter Wanda, give respect to Wanda so that Wanda wakes up.From the conversation, Stephen's answer violated the maxim of relation when Wanda said that all Stephen's resistance was for the sake of a new child.But Stephen's answer to the conversation had nothing to do with Wanda's question.If there is no maxim violation, Stephen simply answers with "yes".

Data 10
Before attacking Kamar-Taj, Wanda was still tempting Stephen into handing America over to him.But Stephen still doesn't want to give up America but Stephen will protect America.Wong : "Defensive positions, now!" (00:28:12-00:28:28) In the conversation above Wanda persuades Stephen to join her, in exchange for Wanda will unite Stephen and Christine in another multiverse.However, Stephen's answer is very unrelated to Wanda's question.Implied meaning of Stephen's answer is rejection.Stephen replies that Stephen and the people in Kamar-Taj will fight Wanda if Wanda dares to enter Kamar-Taj to bring America, which means they won't give up America.Here Stephen violates the maxim of relation.Stephen should have simply replied with "I don't want to give up America".

Data 11
Stephen patiently still persuaded Wanda to give up, but Wanda still didn't want to give up on entering Kamar-Taj and taking America.

Stephen
: "Do not dare to enter these sacred grounds." Wanda : "You have no idea just how reasonable I have been." Stephen : "Yeah, Book of the Damned calling yourself a witch, conjuring The implied meaning of the conversation above is a refutation of Wanda's statement, Stephen denied Wanda's statement, which Wanda said she was "reasonable" when in fact she was not.It can be seen that Stephen's answer is a violation of the maxim of quantity where Stephen speaks in a convoluted manner and does not get to the point.

Data 12
When Wanda attacked America, America's mighty power suddenly appeared.Then Wanda attacks America again, Stephen protects and saves by pushing America into a multiverse they've never been to before.

Stephen
: "You okay?" America : "You saved me." Stephen : "I hope so." (00:38:03 -00:38:09) From the conversation, Stephen asked how the state of America.Then America replied that Stephen had saved her.But after that Stephen said "I hope so".Utterance conveyed by Stephen has violated the maxim of quality.Where Stephen's statement did not match the conditions at that time, in fact Stephen at that time had saved America.

Data 13
America's power is so powerful and he can't control it which eventually takes Stephen and America to another multiverse by going through many different multiverses.When we got there Stephen felt nauseous and then threw up.

America
: "Surprised you didn't puke." Stephen : "It's not my first weird trip, kid." (00:38:13-00:38:17) The conversation above has an implied meaning that Stephen has had many experiences in his life and he will not vomit.
Stephen's answer is a violation of the maxim of quality.The reason is that when he replied that it was not his first strange trip, there his words did not match the actual facts because a few seconds later Stephen immediately threw up.It can be concluded in the conversation that Stephen should simply answer with "I'm sick and want to vomit".

Data 14
When America and Stephen were walking in the Multiverse where they were stranded, Stephen accidentally stepped on a circle called Memory Lane, where the circle when stepped on will display an important memory for someone who stepped on it.When Stephen accidentally steps on it, Memory Lane displays his memories with Christine.

Christine
: "This is pretty fancy.Did you have to take out another student loan?" Stephen : "Nah.I just sold one of those kidneys that we operated on last week."(00:42:16-00:42:25) In this conversation, Stephen's answer implies that he used his own money for the surprise he gave Christine.
Stephen's answer violates the maxim of quality, which means that Stephen did not really sell his patient's kidney to take Christine to dinner, because Stephen is a good doctor.Stephen's answer was just a joke to Christine.But in the actual context Stephen should simply answer "No, I use my savings" or "No, I use my own money".

Data 15
America and Stephen were talking on the street, they were discussing about America's power that he couldn't control.However, it reminded America when her parents went to another multiverse, but America didn't know where, and it made America sad.

America
: "Okay, I opened a portal with the powers I can't control, and sent them to a random, probably deadly universe with no way to escape." Stephen : "Listen, if your moms are anything like their daughter, they survived.I'm sure you'll meet them again someday."America(h) : "Not bad." Stephen : "Thanks."(00:44:16-00:44:34) The conversation between America and Stephen accidentally brought America to think of her mother, after she tried Memory Lane, which is a memory that is important to someone.America was sad and Stephen tried to comfort her by telling her that her mother would be safe.Then America said "not bad", here there has been a violation of the maxim of relation where America's answer is not related to Stephen's statement.But the word not bad here serves as an expression that Stephen has managed to comfort her and make America believe that her mother might still be alive.Here America's answer should be "that comforts me enough".

Data 16
While walking in the multiverse where America and Stephen are stranded.America and Stephen meet up with Mordo.Mordo is a friend of Stephen in another multiverse.Mordo can be said not to have a good relationship with Stephen.But in this Multiverse Mordo catches Stephen and America.

Mordo
: "My brother." Stephen : "All right." Mordo : "Come in, and tell me everything about your universe." Stephen : "You go on red." (00:46:57 -00:47:10) It can be seen in the multiverse that America and Stephen are in now, the redlight rules are very different.If the red light indicates the road and the green light indicates a stop.In this conversation, Stephen's statement contains an implied invitation, namely Stephen invites America to follow Mordo.Stephen's Utterance has violated the maxim of relation where his statement is completely unrelated to the topic being discussed.If there was no violation of Stephen's maxim, it would be enough to just say "let's go" to America.

Data 17
Stephen asked Christine to take him to the book of Vishanti.But Christine still doesn't believe that Stephen is a good person because in the previous multiverse Stephen was a bad person.

Christine
: "How am I supposed to trust you?" Stephen appreciate America's belief by saying "Smart kid", but Stephen's answer should be "that's correct".

Data 19
After a great battle takes place between Stephen, America and Wanda on Mount Wundagore.Finally, Wanda realized that her dream to fulfill Wanda's wish to get her children back was wrong.After Wanda quit, America returned to Kamar-Taj.America(s) : "What now?" Stephen(h) : "Get out of here."America(s) : "I'll find you."(01:49:45-01:49:49) From the conversation, it can be concluded that America's utterance has an implied meaning which serves as a sign that America is following the order given by Stephen to get out of Mount Wundagore.America's utterance has violated the maxim of relation because America's answer is not related to the previous conversation, but America should just say "okay" to make it easier to understand.

Data 20
Yanika Efizahane, Afriana Afriana The Functions of Conversational Implicature in "Doctor Strange in Multiverse of Madness" 2022Madness" 1442 Stephen has a great battle with Wanda by using dream-walking on his body which is in another multiverse and beside him is Christine who accompanies him.With awareness Wanda made it all end.America and Wong Return to Kamar-Taj and the spirit of Stephen from a different version returns to the multiverse where he is stranded.
Christine(s) : "Is America okay?" Stephen(h) : "She's on her way here to get us." (01:51:12-01:51:15) Christine asks Stephen how America is, but Stephen replies that America is on their way to pick them up.Stephen's answer has an implied meaning which states America's condition is fine.Utterance conveyed by Stephen is a violation of the maxim of relation where the answer is not in accordance with Christine's question.However, if there is no violation of Stephen's maxim, it should be enough to answer with "She is okay".

Conclusion
In this study, researchers have collected twenty data where the data contains conversational implicature.After the data is collected, the researcher analyzes each data and categorizes it according to its function using Grice's theory.Where Grice uses the Cooperative Principle as a guideline for determining the function of conversational implicature.According to Grice (1975) Cooperative principle itself consists of several maxims, namely maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of manner and maxim of relation.
Based on the data, the most dominant occurrence in the conversational implicature function in "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" movie is a violation of the maxim of relation that has been found as many as 10 data, the second highest order of violation of the maxim of quality has been found as many as 6 data, then 2 data maxim of quantity violations were found, lastly 2 data maxim of manner violations.
Wanda: "If you give me what I want, I'll send you to a world where you can be with Christine."Stephen: "The full might of Kamar-Taj stands against you." Researchers have found twenty data which are conversational implicatures in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness movie as follows:

Your way. You sound a lot like my Stephen right now. He had to be the one holding the knife, and then that knife killed a trillion
Christine is afraid that Stephen will betray her like in life in her multiverse.The answer given by Christine violates the maxim of manner.Where Christine answered with excessive and convoluted words that were difficult to understand.Cristine should just simply says "I'm afraid you'll betray me just like that".The Utterance conveyed by Stephen has violated the maxim of relation.Where what America said was not related to what was conveyed by Stephen.It can be concluded that the true function of the utterance conveyed by Stephen is that what America said is true, the fact that the current Stephen is a good-hearted Stephen and people." (01:19:54-01:20:06)From the conversation above, it can be seen that Christine's answer actually means that