Black Trauma in Toni Morrison's Beloved

Authors

  • Shakti Brammaditto Widya Fachrezzy Sastra Inggris, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
  • Thohiriyah Sastra Inggris, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v13i2.7354

Keywords:

Beloved, Black Trauma, Frantz Fanon, Historical Trauma, Intergenerational Trauma, Healing, Toni Morrison

Abstract

Toni Morrison’s Beloved offers a powerful literary response to the enduring wounds of slavery and racial violence. This study aims to analyze how the novel illustrates Black trauma as a shared, inherited, and historically grounded condition. Drawing on Frantz Fanon’s theory of colonial trauma, the analysis focuses on psychological fragmentation, social alienation, and embodied memory to reveal the lingering effects of oppression across time and generations. Using a qualitative approach, the study examines Morrison’s narrative methods and character portrayals. Ultimately, the novel frames healing as a nonlinear process rooted in reconnection, acknowledgment, and resistance.

References

Abrutyn, S. (2023). The roots of social trauma: Collective, cultural pain and its consequences. Society and Mental Health, 14(3), 240–256. doi:10.1177/21568693231213088

Ali, A., Kamran, M., & Arif, A. (2024). Postmemory and inherited trauma in Toni Morrison's Beloved. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 9(2), 417–425. doi:10.22161/ijels.92.55

Al-Dmour, S. (2019). A psychoanalytic reading in Toni Morrison’s Beloved: Trauma, hysteria and Electra complex. European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 7(4), 48–54.

Allan, K. S. (2022). Epidermalization of inferiority: A Fanonian reading of Marie Vieux-Chauvet's Amour. Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy, 30(2), 95–101. doi:10.5195/jffp.2022.1028

Austine, H. (2007). The persistence of memory: Slavery and trauma in Toni Morrison's Beloved (Master’s thesis, Florida International University). FIU Digital Commons. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1338

Barnett, D. (2002). Figurations of rape and the supernatural in Beloved. In C. Plasa (Ed.), Toni Morrison: Beloved. Columbia University Press.

Barclay, K., Barnwell, A., Begiato, J., Evans, T., & King, L. (2024). Inheriting the family: Emotions, identities and things. Emotions and Society, 6(3), 288–293. doi:10.1332/26316897Y2024D000000042

Bedard-Gilligan, M., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2017). Is trauma memory special? Narrative fragmentation in PTSD. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(2), 212–

225. doi:10.1177/2167702616649340

Brewin, C. R. (2001). A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(4), 373–393. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00087-5

Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117(1), 210–232. doi:10.1037/a0018113 Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience: Trauma, narrative, and history. Johns

Hopkins University Press.

El Mitry, A. (2024). Exploring otherness in Toni Morrison’s Beloved: A postcolonial ecocritical perspective. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 6(3), 180–198. doi:10.36892/ijlls.v6i3.1805

Fanon, F. (2004). The wretched of the earth (R. Philcox, Trans.). Grove Press.

(Original work published 1961)

Fanon, F. (2008). Black skin, white masks (R. Philcox, Trans.). Grove Press. (Original work published 1952)

Fast, E., & Collin-Vézina, D. (n.d.). Historical trauma, race-based trauma and resilience of Indigenous peoples: A literature review. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 5(1), 126–136. Retrieved from https://fpcfr.com/index.php/FPCFR/article/view/181

Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 14, 243–258.

Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 237–258). Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1917)

Garssen, B. (2007). Repression: Finding our way in the maze of concepts. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(6), 471–481. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9122-0

Guth, D. (2002). Motherlove and Black women's literature. Indiana University Press. Hartman, S. V. (2007). Lose your mother: A journey along the Atlantic slave route.

Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Henderson, Z., Stephens, T., Ortega-Williams, A., & Walton, Q. (2021). Conceptualizing healing through the African American experience of historical trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. doi:10.1037/ort0000578

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books.

Huber, I. (2010). Ethical magic: Traumatic magic realism in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 58(4), 367–378. doi:10.1515/zaa.2010.58.4.367

Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking historical trauma.

Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 299–319. doi:10.1177/136346151453635

Kocabıyık, O. (2016). Remembering the unspeakable: Trauma and rememory in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. IJASOS - International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 2(6), 674–680. doi:10.18769/ijasos.59266

Kumari, A. (2021). Postmemory and spectral haunting in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 9(2), 4500–4508. doi:10.1729/IJCRT2105640

LaCapra, D. (2001). Writing history, writing trauma. Johns Hopkins University Press. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model

and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003

Mandel, N. (2006). Against the unspeakable: Complicity, the Holocaust, and slavery in America. University of Virginia Press.

Montero, R. (2018). Love in the flesh: Toni Morrison and Hortense Spillers 30 years after Beloved and Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe. Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal, 4(1). doi:10.22191/BUUJ/4/1/4

Morrison, T. (1987). Beloved. Alfred A. Knopf.

Nugroho, B. (2021). A comparative study: Anxiety as an impact of slavery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved and William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom!. Journal of English Studies, 2, 18–29. doi:10.20884/1.jes.2021.2.1.383

Rout, R. (2024). The power of motherhood: Resistance and survival in Beloved. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 9, 230–236. Retrieved from

https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.95.30 Sadati, N. (2020). The monster in the dark: The monstrous maternal and abject Black

mother in Toni Morrison's Beloved (Version 1). Toronto Metropolitan University. doi:10.32920/ryerson.14647947.v1

Samir, N. (2020). Trauma in Toni Morrison’s Beloved: An analytical study. Beni-Suef University International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 25–60. doi:10.21608/buijhs.2020.88572

Samir, N. S. (2020). Trauma in Toni Morrison’s Beloved: An analytical study. BSU

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(1), 9–38.

Scheel, C. W. (2010). Toni Morrison’s Beloved: A traumatic book on the trauma of

slavery? In Syllabus (pp. 153–169). University of Vienna.

Schultz, K., Cattaneo, L., Sabina, C., Brunner, L., Jackson, S., & Serrata, J. (2016). Key roles of community connectedness in healing from trauma. Psychology of Violence, 6(1), 42–48. doi:10.1037/vio0000025

Schultz, K., Cattaneo, L. B., Sabina, C., & Jackson, S. (2016). Predicting the integration of past trauma into the self in survivors of interpersonal trauma: The role of social reactions and self-perceptions. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(4), 379–393. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1121827

Selfridge, J. (2018). Narrative, silence, and healing in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.

Missouri Journal of Undergraduate Research, 4(1), 5. doi:10.32469/10355/62949

Selfridge, J. (2019). Beloved: The physical embodiment of psychological trauma.

Duquesne University.

Taresh, K. Z. (2025). Unveiling the narrative of Black female humiliation in Toni Morrison's Beloved.

Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345–372. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145

Thohiriyah, T. (2019). Solidifying the white domination through racism and slavery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, 14(1), 89–92. doi:10.15294/lc.v14i1.21323

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

van Doorn, J., Hoek, D., & van Wingerden, S. (2025). Gore, gut feelings, and guilt: A systematic review on the emotional impact of gruesome evidence. Psychology, Crime & Law, 31(1), 50–67.

Wajiran, W., & Apriyani, T. (2024). Race, gender, and identity in Toni Morrison’s novels: Relevance to contemporary Black women’s struggles in America. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 12(1). doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2442803

Williams, M. T., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Grigas, P. C., Sinnott, S., & Haeny, A.

M. (2021). People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences. Drugs, 28(3), 215–226. doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688

Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: Putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243–257. doi:10.1002/wps.20568

Downloads

Published

2026-01-29

Citation Check