KONTRIBUSI EPISTEMOLOGIS FĀḌIL AL-SĀMARĀ'Ī DALAM ILMU BALAGHAH: STUDI KONSEPTUAL TENTANG TEORI TAQDĪM-TA'KHĪR AL-QUR'ANI

Muhammad Ivang Rizaldi; HD Hidayat; Zainal Muttaqin

doi:10.24256/jale.v9i1.10682

Authors

Muhammad Ivang Rizaldi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
HD Hidayat UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Zainal Muttaqin UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24256/jale.v9i1.10682

Keywords:

Taqdīm-Ta'khīr, Contemporary Balaghah, Fāḍil al-Sāmarā'ī, Qur'anic linguistic analysis, 'Ilm al-Ma'ānī

Abstract

This paper examines the syntactic flexibility of Arabic, which allows for variations in sentence structure through the concept of Taqdīm and Ta'khīr. However, the systematic thought of contemporary scholars such as Dr. Fāḍil al-Sāmarā'ī on this concept remains underexplored. This study aims to reconstruct al-Sāmarā'ī's conceptual framework and compare it with classical balaghah views. A qualitative descriptive method with comparative concept analysis was employed through library research, using thematic analysis on primary sources including al-Sāmarā'ī's works and classical balaghah texts. The findings reveal that al-Sāmarā'ī systematizes Taqdīm-Ta'khīr into two classifications: (1) prioritizing a word over its 'āmil to indicate specification (ikhtiṣāṣ), and (2) prioritizing one word over another without 'āmil influence based on contextual demands. He rejects the circular classical explanation of "greater attention" and replaces it with verifiable criteria: cross-verse expressive consistency and objective external factors (chronology of creation, hierarchy of nobility, levels of danger). This study implies a paradigm shift from subjective rhetorical appreciation to falsifiable, context-based analysis, providing a structured theoretical foundation for Qur'anic pragmatics and Arabic linguistics instruction.

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini mengkaji fleksibilitas sintaksis bahasa Arab yang memungkinkan variasi struktur kalimat melalui konsep Taqdīm dan Ta'khīr. Namun, pemikiran sistematis tokoh kontemporer seperti Dr. Fāḍil al-Sāmarā'ī tentang konsep tersebut masih belum banyak dieksplorasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merekonstruksi kerangka konseptual al-Sāmarā'ī dan membandingkannya dengan pandangan balaghah klasik. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain analisis konsep komparatif melalui studi kepustakaan, di mana data dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik pada sumber primer karya al-Sāmarā'ī dan teks-teks balaghah klasik. Temuan mengungkap bahwa al-Sāmarā'ī mensistematisasikan Taqdīm-Ta'khīr ke dalam dua klasifikasi: (1) mendahulukan lafaz atas 'āmil-nya untuk menunjukkan pengkhususan (ikhtiṣāṣ), dan (2) mendahulukan lafaz atas lafaz lain tanpa pengaruh 'āmil berdasarkan tuntutan konteks. Ia menolak penjelasan klasik yang circular tentang "perhatian lebih besar" dan menggantinya dengan kriteria terverifikasi: konsistensi ekspresi lintas ayat serta faktor eksternal objektif (kronologi penciptaan, hierarki kemuliaan, tingkatan bahaya). Penelitian ini mengimplikasikan pergeseran paradigma dari apresiasi retorika subjektif menuju analisis yang bisa dibuktikan salah dan berbasis konteks, sekaligus menyediakan landasan teoretis terstruktur bagi pragmatik Qur'anik dan pengajaran linguistik Arab.

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