Al-‘Urf and Al-‘Adah al-Muḥakkamah as The Methodology of Istinbāṭ of Islamic Law:  A Thematic Analysis from The Perspective of Sharia Economic Law

Mualim; Chaerul Shaleh; Aden Rosadi

doi:10.24256/alw.v10i2.8943

Authors

Mualim State Islamic University Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia, Indonesia
Chaerul Shaleh State Islamic University Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia, Indonesia
Aden Rosadi State Islamic University Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24256/alw.v10i2.8943

Abstract

Purpose – This research aims to analyze the position and function of al-‘urf and al-‘ādah al-muḥakkamah as a methodology for Islamic legal istinbāṭ, particularly in the context of the development of Sharia Economic Law that is responsive to contemporary social dynamics and economic practices. This research begins with the epistemological question of the extent to which social customs can obtain sharia legitimacy in establishing modern muamalah law.

Method – The method used is qualitative research through library research with normative-juridical, philosophical, and comparative approaches to Islamic schools. Data are analyzed thematically against classical and contemporary sources of ushul fiqh, as well as Sharia economic law literature, to map the position of al-‘urf within the framework of the ijtihad methodology.

Result – The results show that authentic al-‘urf has legal legitimacy if it meets the criteria of conformity with the maqāṣid al-syarīah, does not conflict with the qath’i texts, and is generally applicable and consistent in muamalah practices. A comparative study of Islamic schools of thought reveals that despite differences in the intensity of its acceptance, all Islamic schools of thought recognize al-‘urf as a valid instrument of ijtihad. In the realm of Islamic Economic Law, al-‘urf and al-‘ādah al-muḥakkamah have proven to play a strategic role in responding to contract practices, market customs, and modern transaction innovations.

Implication – The implications of this research emphasize the importance of strengthening al-‘urf as a methodology for legal istinbāṭ, not merely as a supplementary argument, to ensure that Islamic economic law remains adaptive, contextual, and oriented toward the welfare of the people.

References

Andriyaldi. (2021). Al-’Urf Theory and Its Relevance to Contemporary Jurisprudence Issues. ALHURRIYAH : Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(2), 118–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30983/alhurriyah.v6i2.4784

Arifin, Z., Raden, A., Haqqi, A., Syariah, F., Agama, I., Sultan, I., Syafiuddin, M., Kabupaten, S., & Indonesia, K. B. (2024). Islamic Law : Between Revelation. Faculty of Shariah . Universiti Islam Sultan Sharif Ali : 26(1), 277–306.

Akbar, Muhamad Iqbal., & Hamad F. bin M. B. (2024). Al ’Adah Muhakkamah Rules and Their Applications Regarding the Contemporary Era Share Purchase and Sale Agreement. Sharia Oikonomia Law Journal, 2(4), 271–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.70177/solj.v2i4.150

Arsiti, Nuri., & Asmuni. (2024). Application of the Principle of Al-Adah Muhakkamah in Mudharabah Practice. Academic Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(2), 478–495. https://doi.org/DOI: http://doi.org/10.29240/ajis.v9i2.10939

Alamsyah, Ganjar., Abdussalam, Aam., Rahmat, M. (2022). The concept of ma’ruf in the Qur’an and its implications for Islamic religious education. Tarbawy: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education, 9(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.17509/t.v9i1.41396

Amalia, Alfi ., Siregar, Saparuddin., S. (2022). TransaksiValutaAsing(Sharf) dalamPerspektifIslamdanAplikasinya dalamBankSyariah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(02), 2036–2042. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i2.4351

Amalia, Eliza., Rahma, Ely., Aulia, Mutifah., Qamariah, Z. (2024). Regulation adn Practice of Salam and Istishna contractsin the Islamic Banking System in Indonesia. Al-Muzdahir : Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 06(02), 112–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55352/ekis

Amin, Khoirul. Putra, Sudarmadi. Aimi, W. (2023). Characteristics of Islamic Teachings : Islamic Perspective of Universal Religion. Ilmuna: Jurnal Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam, 5(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54437/ilmuna.

Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. 1986. Usul al-Fiqh al-Islami. Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr.

Dewi, R. (2013). Universalisme Islam dan Kosmopolitisme Peradaban. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 13(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v13i1.116

Fadhilah, Nurul AlviChindi., Zen, M. (2025). Al-‘UrfDalamFiqihKlasikDanImplikasinyaPada Transaksi Online Kontemporer. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(6), 8911–8933. https://doi.org/DOI:https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i5.2611

Furqan, Muhammad & Syahrial. 2022. Kedudukan ‘Urf Sebagai Sumber Hukum Dalam Mazhab Syāfi’ī. Jurnal AL-NADHAIR, 1(2):73-92. https://doi.org/10.61433/alnadhair.v1i2.9

Ghani, H. A. (2011). ‘Urf -o-Ādah (Custom and Usage) as a Source of Islamic law. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(2), 178–185. www.aijcrnet.com

Harefa, S. (2025). The fundamental principles of Islamic law in the digital era : An ushul fiqh and maqashid Sharia approach. 1(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.20885/JILDEB.vol1.iss1.art6

Ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin bin Umar, Nashr al-Arfi fi Bina` Badi al-Ahkam ala al-Urfi dalam Majmuat Rasail Ibn „Abidin, t.t.: t.p.

Khan, M. M. I. (2025). The Shari’ah Implications of the Variations in Distance between the Sun and the Moon (Perigee & Apogee): Differing Perspectives of Scholars. Advance Social Science Archive Journal, 03(02), 147–162.

Laldin, Mohamad Akram. 1995. The Theory and Application of ‘Urf in Islamic Law. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies University of Edinburgh.

Mahfudhi, Heri., Arrosid, M. K. (2021). Teori Adat dalam Qawaid Fiqhiyah dan Penerapannya dalah Hukum Keluarga Islam. FAMILIA: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 2(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24239/familia.v2i2

Marinsah, Syamsul Azizul., Hajimin, Mohd Nur Hidayat Hasbollah., Md Rasip, Zaifuddin M., Hamzah, Amer Hudhaifah., Saari, N., & Zehan, F. (2025). The Instrument of ‘Urf in the Reform of Islamic Legal Rulings: An Analytical Study on Contemporary Fiqh. International of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 15(10), 761–772. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v15-i10/25828

Mursid, Fadillah., Tarantang, Jefry., Aen, I. Nurol., M. (2023). ‘Urf as the Legitimacy of Contemporary Sharia Economic Transactions. Jurnal Al-Qardh, 8(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23971/jaq.v8i1.6355

Muhammadun. (2016). Pemikiran Hukum Islam Wahbah Az Zuhaili dalam Pendekatan Sejarah. Misykah, 1(2), 170–190.

Pakarti, Muhammad Husni Abdulah., Solehudin, Ending., Maruf., Saujan, Iqbal., Shakibiciu, S. (2025). The Role and Application of ’Urf as a Source of Islamic Law: A Historical Review and Fiqhiyah Rules. An-Nisa: Journal of Islamic Family Law, 2(3), 175–192. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.63142/an-nisa.v2i3.300

Putra, Dedisyah., Nasution, Martua., EDI, S. (2025). Reviving the Past: The Role of Sharia in Preserving Forgotten Customs within Islamic Culture. Al-Rasῑkh: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 14(1), 30-5-. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38073/rasikh.v14i1.2367

Rizal, F. (2019). Penerapan ‘Urf Sebagai Metode dan Sumber Hukum. 1(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v1i2.167

Rizhan, A. (2024). Kedudukan Al- ‘ Adah Dan Al - ‘ Urf sebagai Sumber Hukum Islam. 6(01). https://doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v6i01.19526

Robaniyah, N., Nusrah, W., & N, M. L. W. (2023). Analysis of Human Characteristics in the Qur ’ an ; Comparative Study of Tafsir Al-Mishbah and Ibn Kathir. 45–66. https://doi.org/10.33367/al-karim.v1i1.3542

Saiful, J. (2015). Al ‘adah muhakkamah ‘adah dan ‘urf sebagai metode istinbat hukum Islam. Prosiding Halaqah Nasional Dan Seminar Internasional Pendidikan Islam.

Samsudin, B. B. (2024). Kaidah Al-‘Adatu Muhakkamah: Konsep, Aplikasi, dan Relevansi dalam Dinamika Hukum Islam Kontemporer. Al-Mizan: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi, 10(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/DOI : 10.59115/almizan.vi

Santika, Ana., Ghozali, M. L. (2024). The Role of Al-Urf in Contemporary Islamic Economic Law Issues: Sustainable Business Production Development. Istinbáth Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Islam, 23(2), 336–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20414/ijhi.v23i2.692

Susanti, Dyah Ochtorina., Tektona, Rahmadi Indra., Shoimah, S. N. (2022). The Right to Buyback in Murabahah Akad whit The Bay’ al-Wafa System Based on Mawasid Sharia. Justicia Islamica: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial, 19(2), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v19i2.3873

Syarvina, Wahyu., Sudirman, Suparmin., & Tuti, A. (2022). ‘Urf Application in Islamic Economy. AT-TIJARAH: Jurnal Penelitian Keuangan Dan Perbankan Syariah, 4(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.52490/attijarah.v4i1.285

Tiyo Maulana., Wahyu Hidayat., Zulheldi., & Yusna, D. (2021). The Position of Sunnah as a Source of Islamic Law in a New Perspective in Its Types. Jurnal Muqaranah, 5(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.19109/muqaranah.v5i2.9562

Yaqin, A. (2021). Yūsuf Al-Qarḍāwī’s Istinbāṭ Method and Its Implementation in the Moderation of Islamic Law. Al-Ahkam, 31(1), 109–140. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.1.7075